taller de Equipos y redes

Nodo Dorsal (NDO). Concentra, distribuye y enruta información de los enrutadores de los
niveles dorsal y distribución. Permite enrutar un alto volumen de tráfico y en el caso de la
RCDT interconecta las Direcciones Divisionales, formando la red dorsal nacional. Actualmente
la dorsal de la RCDT esta conformada por enlaces STM1.
Nodo de Distribución (NDI). Concentra, distribuye y enruta información de los enrutadores de
los niveles dorsal, distribución y acceso. Permite manejar el tráfico regional de manera local,
usando de modo eficiente la red dorsal.
Nodo de Acceso (NA). Concentra y enruta la información del usuario de la red, es
propiamente el acceso del usuario a la red. Permite la aplicación de políticas de administración
y enrutamiento de tráfico sin comprometer el desempeño global de la red. Estos nodos son
multiprotocolo ya que se configura en ellos todos los protocolos utilizados por el usuario,
además poseen múltiples tipos de interfaces ethernet y seriales.
Nodos de Acceso Especial (NAE). Son nodos que se interconectan directamente al nivel
dorsal. Estos son utilizados para los Centros de Cómputo y Centros de Operación (CAS y
CAR) ya que permiten elevar sustancialmente los niveles de confiabilidad, rendimiento y
calidad de servicio.



Cisco XR 12000 Series routers combine the unparalleled innovation of Cisco IOS XR Software with the investment protection of the Cisco 12000 Series to offer secure virtualization, integral service delivery, continuous system operation, and multiservice scale. With upgradeable, intelligent routing solutions and platforms ranging from 2.5-Gbps to n x 10-Gbps capacity per slot, the Cisco XR 12000 Series facilitates the move to Next-Generation IP Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Networks.

Powered by Cisco IOS XR Software, the Cisco XR 12000 Series isolates public and private services. Cisco IOS XR Software is a unique self-healing, self-defending operating system that equips the Cisco XR 12000 with distributed processing intelligence and robust quality-of-service and multicast mechanisms that help you scale capacity while accommodating customers.

The XR 12000 Series also supports both fixed and modular line cards (LCs), including a flexible Multi-Service Blade (MSB), which provides integral, route-aware virtual firewall and video/voice Session Border Control (SBC), eliminating the need for external appliances. And the I-Flex design offers a new portfolio of modular interfaces featuring shared port adapters (SPAs) and SPA interface processors (SIPs).
Q. What is the Cisco® XR 12000 Series?
A. The Cisco XR 12000 Series routers accelerate the service provider evolution toward IP next-generation networks (NGNs), combining the unparalleled innovation of Cisco IOS® XR Software with the investment protection of the market-leading Cisco 12000 Series. Offering secure virtualization, continuous system operation, and multiservice scale, the Cisco XR 12000 Series provides intelligent routing solutions that scale from 2.5- to 10-Gbps capacity per slot, helping enable next-generation IP/Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks.
Q. What is the IP NGN?
A. For Cisco Systems®, the IP NGN is a sweeping transformation of both a service provider's entire network and its business. This transformation does not end at a single point-service providers cannot simply buy an IP NGN. Like carriers' business and service plans, the IP NGN constantly evolves to adapt to customer demand and new technology opportunities. Nevertheless, it is still possible to give specifics about this transformation:
• The Cisco IP NGN is about more than voice; it encompasses all of a service provider's current and future services. It is important to recognize that most growth will occur in services such as data and video. Although voice services-in their current forms-will initially be a significant aspect of the service portfolio, they will evolve over time to richer, all-media services involving voice, video, and data.

• The movement toward IP NGN involves the entire service provider network. It concerns not only the bandwidth in the access network, but also high-quality bandwidth delivered throughout the network.

• The IP NGN is about more than making changes to one network-it is about creating a single network for delivering all services.

Q. What are the significant focal areas for service providers in implementing an IP NGN?
A. The Cisco IP NGN vision describes how it is possible to use a single network advantageously by using three layers of convergence-application convergence, service convergence, and network convergence:
• Application convergence-Carriers can integrate new IP data, voice, and video applications over a single broadband infrastructure for increased profitability. Application convergence opens the doors to "all-media services" such as videoconferencing, which is effectively a new service that is not simply voice, video, or data, but an integration of all three. This and other innovative value-added services can be delivered over any broadband connection. Service providers will have a range of new possibilities for revenue and portfolio differentiation.

• Service convergence-The Cisco IP NGN makes a service available to end users across any access network. For example, a service available in the office can be available over a wireless LAN, a broadband connection, or a cellular network. All these access networks can transfer the service and the state of connection transparently as the user roams, using the most efficient and cost-effective means possible. This kind of "service agility" creates a stronger relationship between the carrier and end user and can help increase customer retention.

• Network convergence-Creating a converged network is a goal that many carriers are already pursuing through their efforts to eliminate multiple service-specific networks or to reduce multiple layers within a network. A "many services, one network" model in which a single network can support all existing and new services will dramatically reduce the total cost of ownership for service providers.

Q. What is secure virtualization?
A. The Cisco XR 12000 Series is powered by Cisco IOS XR Software, which allows you to isolate public and private services through the virtualization of a single router into separate physical and logical partitions. Service providers can use secure virtualization to consolidate multiple IP overlay networks that were deployed to maintain specific services or network functions. Cisco IOS XR Software supports secure virtualization with the innovative Cisco Service Separation architecture, which provides the ability to logically and physically separate the control planes of different services on a single router. Services and customers are isolated from each other for maximum security and increased operational and management efficiency.
Q. What is a secure domain router (SDR)?
A. SDRs are components of the Cisco Service Separation architecture that provide independent physical routing instances within a single router system, resulting in secure, isolated fault and administrative services to allow service providers to safely consolidate multiple networks or services onto a single system. Virtualized SDRs establish isolated software routing instances within an SDR, providing independent configuration, administration, and routing processes. SDRs help operators reduce capital expenditures (CapEx) through asset consolidation, and reduce operating expenses (OpEx) through network and system consolidation.
Q. How does the Cisco XR 12000 support continuous system operation?
A. Cisco IOS XR Software has been optimized to operate in routing platforms, such as the Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System and the Cisco XR 12000 Series, that can scale and distribute control-plane processing in addition to performing distributed forwarding. Cisco IOS XR Software is built on a distributed, microkernel-based operating system infrastructure that allows distribution of processes and subsystems to any of potentially thousands of processing resources, and includes critical optimizations to allow for the support of millions of routes, thousands of interfaces, and thousands of peers. Cisco IOS XR Software includes support for nonstop forwarding (NSF), stateful switchover (SSO), in-service software upgrades (ISSUs), control-plane data checkpointing, service separation, and embedded management elements that allow the Cisco CRS-1 and Cisco XR 12000 Series to provide continuous system operation required in converged IP NGNs.
Q. How does the Cisco XR 12000 offer multiservice scale?
A. With distributed processing intelligence, robust quality of service (QoS), and multicast mechanisms, the Cisco XR 12000 Series allows providers to scale both services and customers with predictable performance.
• Cisco IOS XR Software distributes processing intelligence to each Cisco IP Services Engine (ISE) line card and to additional route processors installed in the system. Distributed processing intelligence removes software limitations to system scale and allows network operators to take full advantage of the aggregate capacity of installed hardware in the system.

• Dedicated queuing application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) on each ISE line card provide unparalleled per-customer QoS that protects against jitter and delay of video and time-sensitive data and voice applications without affecting scale or performance. The dedicated ingress and egress queuing ASICs offer service providers great scalability and performance.

• Multicast replication is handled by the fabric to avoid service-disrupting congestion associated with routing systems that replicate frames at the line-card level.

Q. What are the major components of the Cisco XR 12000 Series?
A. Built upon a foundation of investment protection, the Cisco XR 12000 Series provides fully upgradable, single-chassis platforms ranging from 2.5- to 10-Gbps capacity per slot. The Cisco XR 12000 Series gives you a graceful upgrade path for your installed base of market-leading Cisco 12000 Series routers as you transition toward a converged IP NGN infrastructure. The Cisco XR 12000 Router consists of the latest hardware advances of the Cisco 12000 Router, including the ISE line cards, the performance route processor (Cisco XR 12000 and 12000 Series Performance Route Processor-2 [PRP-2]), as well as the industry-proven chassis and multigigabit switch fabric. A proven hardware foundation is coupled with the company's latest addition to the Cisco IOS Software Family, Cisco IOS XR Software. This combination provides carrier-class scalability, high availability, and service flexibility required by the demanding IP/MPLS NGNs. The Cisco XR 12000 provides the migration path for high-end routing systems already in service, including the world's most widely deployed carrier-class gigabit router, the Cisco 12000 Series.
Q. What is the relationship between the Cisco XR 12000 and the Cisco 12000?
A. The Cisco XR 12000 Series and Cisco 12000 Series routers are a portfolio of intelligent routing solutions that scale from 2.5- to 10-Gbps capacity per slot, helping enable carrier-class IP/MPLS networks and accelerating your company's evolution to IP NGNs. Currently more than 500 customers use an installed base of more than 25,000 Cisco 12000 Series routers with Cisco IOS Software. To meet the current and future needs of these customers, Cisco Systems® will continue to invest in Cisco IOS and Cisco IOS XR Software and in new hardware. The Cisco XR 12000 Series offers you a smooth upgrade path for your installed base of market-leading Cisco 12000 Series as you transition to a converged IP NGN infrastructure.